Milam County, Texas
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A STUDY OF LIVESTOCK PRACTICES FOLLOWED BY FIFTY NEGRO FARMERS IN MILAN COUNTY, TEXAS
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
A STUDY OF LIVESTOCK PRACTICES FOLLOWED BY FIFTY NEGRO
FARMERS IN MILAM COUNTY, TEXAS
General Survey Form
Name_________________________Address____________________________________
Date_________________________
1. How long have you lived in this oommunity?___________________________, County _____________
2. Do you own (a) your home___________(b) The land you are farming ________________
3. How long have you farmed as an owner?__________________________________
Renter_____________________________
Cropper________________________________
4. How many acres alloted for field Crops? How many for pasture?
5. Are you better acquainted with general or specialized farming? Indicate which_________________
6. How many persons constitute your family unit? _________________
7. Do you subscribe for a farm magazine?__________________________
8. Do you keep records of breeding? (Yes) or (No); the amount of feed consumed, (Yes) or (No); date of calving (Yes) or (No) hatching dates (Yes) or (No) Underline one on above line.
9. Do you read livestock bulletins from agriculture experiment stations, commercial publications? If so, indicate those read:__________________, _________________, __________________, _____________
10. Do you depend on livestock sales as a major cash income? (Yes) or (No).
11. Do you produce an ample supply of livestock products, such as meats, butter, milk, lard, eggs, for home consumption? (Yes) or {No}.
12. Do you keep records of production on farm animals grown? (Yes) or (No).
13. Which do you consider your major problems in livestock production?
Underline the one presenting the greatest difficulty: l. A restricted acreage, 2. fencing, 3. disease control, 4. water supply, 5. food supply.
Disease Control
1. What diseases are most common in your neighborhood with livestock?
Cattle ______________________, __________________, __________________
Hogs ________________________, __________________, __________________
Poultry _____________________, __________________, __________________
Others ______________________, __________________, __________________
2. Check method of disease control used and indicate animal and disease treated
| Method |
Kind of Animal |
Disease for which treated |
| Vaccination |
____________ |
____________ |
| Worming |
____________ |
____________ |
| Drenching |
____________ |
____________ |
| Medicated salt |
____________ |
____________ |
| Breeding for vitality |
____________ |
____________ |
| Feeding for vitality |
____________ |
____________ |
Herd Improvement
1. Do you keep your breeding stock confined to pasture? (Yes) or (No)________ .
2. How many heads of cattle do you own? ___________________
3. How many heifers? ________________
How many cows? _______________________
4. Do you have a pure bred bull? yes or no (check) grade bull ___________ scrub bull (Yes) or (No)
5. Do you breed for dairy, beef or dual purpose? Indicate which.
6. How many brood sows do you own? ________________
7. Do you own a boar? _______ pure bred ___________ Grade __________ scrub ________ (check)
8. How many hogs are grown for home use? ___________. For market? ___________
9. How many head of poultry do you own? ______ How many hens? ________
10. How many pullets? ________ How many cockerels? _______________
11. Do you have pure bred, Graded or Mongrel type of poultry? Indicate which.
APPENDIX B
A LIST OF RECOMMENDED PRACTICES IN ANIMAL
HUSBANDRY PRODUCTION
Over a period of time much study has been done in determining the best procedures in growing livestock. Many practices have been more or less standardized. They have been tried and tested under various conditions and their worth have been proven to the extent that no man who is informed will enter into the field of livestock production without acquiring and using some of these standard practices.
In the light of what has been found in the study, the writer recommends the following standard practices for successful animal husbandry production in Milam County.
Standard practices in record-keeping on breeding stock are as follows: [1]
1. List of animals in the herd
2. Correct name and number, if registered
3. Date of breeding
4. Date of birth
5. Mortality records
6. Record of disease in the herd
7. Record or maturity
8. Record of calving
9. Expense records
10. Expense records(sic)
11. Receipts records
12. Labor records
13. Feed records
The standard practices in production records are as follows: [2]
1. Number of calves dropped per year
2. Weight at birth
3. Weight at marketing time
4. Age at marketing
5. Selling price
6. Approximate feed cost
7. Breeding cost
8. Cost of housing
9. Cost of Medical treatment
10. Taxes
11. Interest on money
12. Milk production
13. Number of pigs farrowed per year
14. Number of animal deaths per year
15. Rent of pasture
The standard practices in breeding are as follows:
1. Give full consideration to marked individual characteristics.
2. A boar can breed from 1 to 3 sows per day if well treated. This indicates that one boar can breed from 45 to 90 sows a season.
3. Breed high grade dams to pure bred males.
4. Practice hand breeding when economical.
5. Build special breeding pens.
6. Use a standard breeding system and method
a) pure bred breeding
b) inbred breeding
c) line breeding
d) cross breeding
The standard practices in feeding are as follows:
1. Feed balanced ration to:
a) pregnant sows
b) nursing sows
c) nursing pigs
d) pig eating sows
2. Provide pastures for sows and litters.
3. Provide adequate feeding facilities:
a) self feeders
b) creep feeders
c) hay racks
4. Use feed high in nutritive value for growing animals.
5. Feed in accordance with specific objectives; example, growth, maintenance, labor fattening and production.
6. Mix home grown feeds.
7. Feed wholesome feed.
8. Feed animals at regular intervals.
9. Adjust rations according to prices.
10. Grow good crops and provide proper storage.
The standard practices in farming are as follows:
1. Use native posts as they will last for long periods.
2. Reinforce corner post.
3. Use mesh and barbed wire in fencing
4. Use electrical fence
5. Use a standard grade of hog wire.
6. Fence so as to provide for alternate pastures.
7. Build fence by approved plans.
8. Build fence of three or four strands of wire.
9. Build fence as high as needed.
10. Build attractive fence.
11. Build fence to protect crops from animals.
12. Put symmetrica1 fence about the farms.
13. Consider the kind, amount, and repair of present fences on the farm.
l4. Determine the kind of fence required for division lines, permanent pastures, and temporary pastures.
The standard practices in providing water for animals are as follows:
1. Make use of government agencies in the construction of tanks
a) damless tank
b) dam tank
2. Secure water from wells
a) drill well
b) pump wells
c) hand pumps
d) wind mills
e) water bucket, rope and pulleys
3. Dig shallow' springs
4. Clean out holes in creek or branches.
The standard practices in controlling disease of livestock are as follows:
1. Keep all premises clean and sanitary
2. Kill all disease affected animals that are incurable
3. Burn or bury animals that die from disease
4. Sterilize all drinking vessels
5. Do not allow young animals to graze in old pastures where diseases once have been
6. Vaccinate animals before they are afffected by disease
7. Ster1ize(sic) needle each time it is used.
8. Do not transport diseased animals from one place to another
9. C1ean 1iving quarters regularly
10. Build portable hog and poultry houses
11. Avoid draft in living quarters
12. Care tor livestock before and after breeding
13. Care for livestock after paturition.
14. Provide clean water for livestock at all times
15. Provide clean shelter for livestock at all times
16. Disinfect to destroy disease organism
17. Construct barns, stables and houses so as to provide plenty ventilation, drainage and light.
The standard practices in animal husbandry production recommended in this chapter had to do with:
1. Feeding of pastures and premises.
2. Feeding of livestock.
3. Providing water for livestock.
4. Breeding for improving the herd.
5. Keeping breeding records.
6. Keeping production records
7. Controlling diseases.
8. Preventing diseases.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Coffey and Jackson, Livestock Management, p. 138.
[2] Thomas Shaw, Animal Breeding, p. 27.
We must say a special thank you to Jan Jordan of Kingsville, Texas, for typing the above thesis for use on the Milam County TXGenWeb site.
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Created on 26 Oct 2004 and last revised on __________
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